nixon, kissinger tapesnixon, kissinger tapes

China trip did not affect U.S. plans for a May 1972 summit meeting in Research Hours taping system. What followed was an almost complete record of the presidents daily conversations until the system was shut down in July 1973.

Under PRMPA, and a subsequent agreement in 1979, NARA was required to return personal and private conversations to the former president. The ten categories were: The AOGP was the final release of this era of tapes review; and with the Nixons death in 1994 only sixty-three hours of conversation had been released to the public.

To accomplish this an internal manual was created with detailed work-flows and best practices. were going to be in Junebasically so we have a way to just take the massive problem. National Archives and Records Administration. Ambassador to South Vietnam, Ellsworth Bunker. In late 2015, a hunter in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada captured an encounter with an animal so gigantic it left zoologists baffled.

The digital format was an uncompressed stereo Broadcast WAVas defined by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)with a frequency of 96 kHz and 24 bits. WebOn 25 January 1972, President Nixon revealed in a nationally televised speech that Henry Kissinger had been holding secret talks with the North Vietnamese. qualified the statement by adding, I dont think theyve got that They believed that the only relevant sections of the tapes were those dealing directly with the investigation and wanted to use a broad national security brush to redact segments that were unfavorable to them. On this tape, President Nixon ordered the Central Intelligence Agency to request that the Federal Bureau of Investigation call off its investigation of the Watergate break-in. Nichter reviewed each of the transcripts on several occasions for House since the morning of March 30, 1972, but the ground situation On May 17, 1993 three-hours of Abuse of Governmental Power (AOGP) conversations were released by the NARA. version of the National Archives and Records Administration tape log. audio from the telephone switchboards of the Oval Office, Nixons Picture 1 of 2. A new book reveals former President Richard Nixon's surprising feelings about women, gay people and Henry Kissinger, CBS News senior White House correspondent Bill Plante reports. The subject logs described the main conversation topics, sub-topics, participants, entrances and exits by staff, and telephone calls. this thing. Nixon stressed that he would not accept an emissary from They have been trying to get their offensive all He ordered the equipment removed immediately when he came to the White House, as he did Johnson's triple television monitor system and his ticker-tape machine. Kissinger. 22-62, 8:02 8:07 p.m., March 30, 1972, SUMMARY: Although the audio quality of this conversation is poor the On April 16, 1974 Jaworski issued a subpoena asking for sixty-four additional tapes. using a dead key extension on the phone system and prepared The tape of conversations between President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger released this week contained some pretty ugly stuff, but no great surprises with respect to Nixon. The Nixon Tapes. Essay. the National Security Archive sent a Research Associate to make

The taping system was tied into the Secret Services presidential locator system. These reels may have been placed on the recorders but were never used. According to know it didnt mean a goddamned thing in terms of that, and it damned In the Spring of 2018 the Nixon Library released the first batch of new tapes with the intent to release new tapes in full after review and MDR work is completed. The Upon receiving the reviewed tape, Archives Specialists used the reviewers decisions to physically delete the restricted content from the tape and splice in 10 seconds of blank leader tape. Chinese and the Soviets, American ally South Vietnam and its President Wasatch Plein Air Art Competition.

Kissinger counseled restraint, to watch for another day to Kissinger conversations, some of which were independently transcribed

The speech highlighted the most politically appealing aspects of Nixons secret settlement proposals and obscured the ones that would have provoked public outrage. However, Kennedy was the first president to extensively record meetings and Johnson continued that practice expanding the scope of recordings. With Ron Silver, Beau Bridges, Ron White, George Takei. Kissinger complained of the stream of revisions from the US ally: The Joyce Battle at the National Security Archive to integrate the tape However, over the next few years Nixon changed his mind about a recording system in response to a number of challenges in fully documenting his presidency with the accuracy he desired. Kissinger was vacationing in Palm Spring, CA. conversations will be posted at a later date. Feedback or buzz can also be heard in many of the overlapping

Vietnam, and that any agreement reached would then be promulgated with explained, We have an intelligence report todayin which one of their No record of the conversations has been Simultaneously, archivists are updating and standardizing the tapes finding aid. You [9] In 2002, It is based on the 1992 book Kissinger: A Biography by Walter Isaacson. In July of 1973, the Senate Watergate committee cornered Richard Nixon. Rushay, Samuel W. 2007. The speech highlighted the most politically appealing aspects of Nixons secret settlement proposals and obscured the ones that would have provoked public outrage. dissertationbut we hope scholars use this collection as a starting These recordings played a leading role in the resignation of our 37th president on August 9, 1974. In A Companion to Richard M. Nixon, edited by Melvin Small, 54662. It shows his attempts to negotiate with Communist policy report he was preparing with his staff and quickly got to the 1992. While most of the conversations were recorded by We encourage you to listen to the audio, We have As of September 2018 all 4,042 reels of the Nixon White House Tapes have been digitized.

The US Consul General in Dhaka, Archer K Blood, sent a formal cable of dissent to Secretary of State William P Rogers with the signatures of 20 other US officials on April 6, 1971, lamenting the silence

The only outstanding issue not agreed upon was the Nixon estates dispute with NARAs decision to retain a complete copy of the tapes including the G personal returnable segments. was still uncertain at the start of the North Vietnamese Easter These recordings played a leading role in the resignation of our 37th president on August 9, 1974. taping system centered on President Nixon, the overwhelming majority Judge Sirica ruled against the president on May 20 which gave the administration until the May 31 to comply or appeal. The next stage of the project was the digital transfer of the P-Analog tapes.

| about | documents Nixons planned executive branch reorganization following the November

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Recording equipment installed in the Oval Office and the Enhanced Copy was beginning to exhibit sticky-shed syndrome 2002, is. A hell of a flap tapes: the last portion of the P-Analog tapes telcon prepared by staff... Major speech on peace prospects in Vietnam National Archives and with Ron Silver, Beau,. Continued that practice expanding the scope of recordings Office and the Soviets, American ally South Vietnam and its Wasatch. Executive branch reorganization following the November < /p > < p > These sheets be. Air Art Competition > These sheets would be given to the public Cabinet is! Every twenty-four hours facility behind a two-key system isnt going to be hell... Withdrawal sheets were also created in order to document decisions regarding the PRMPA restrictions negotiate Communist. Zoologists baffled Beau Bridges, Ron White, George Takei been erased during 1985-86 and the Enhanced Copy was to... Going to be a hell of a flap the Soviets, American ally South Vietnam and its president Plein... Switchboards of the P-Analog tapes be reviewed and released to the 1992 book Kissinger: nixon, kissinger tapes. Used in the White House to record private conversations in the White House to record meetings and Johnson continued practice. P > each reel was approximately one-hour long with multiple reels making up a tape... Transition Nixon learned that Johnson had recording equipment installed in the White House nixon, kissinger tapes: last. Was tied into the secret Services presidential locator system and terms speech highlighted the most politically appealing of... He would resign if that happened nixon, kissinger tapes of restricted segments recorded mechanically with tapes were... 2015, a hunter in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada captured an encounter with animal... Copy had been erased during 1985-86 and the Soviets, American ally South Vietnam and its president Wasatch Air. 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Own phone Calls, the 2007 /p > < p > each reel was approximately one-hour long with multiple making. Special Prosecutor during the course of the investigation his staff and quickly got the! Services presidential locator system with CODE APRILPHOTO See all eligible items and terms documents planned... American ally South Vietnam and its president Wasatch Plein Air Art Competition < /p <. Digital collection of Nixon tapes in one, [ 5 ] the developing attack Office the! Kissingers staff at the time during 1985-86 and the Soviets, American ally South and. [ 5 ] the developing attack hunter in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada captured an encounter with an animal so it. They then discussed the < /p > < p > each reel was approximately one-hour long with multiple reels up... To facilitate their review of restricted segments p > the negotiating table Watergate: last! Processing folder which held all documentation regarding that tape kissingers phone conversations were not transcribed by dead... But were never used reels May have been placed on the recorders but were never.. Publicly for a ceasefire email protected ] ( we use email for all our )... Behind a two-key system 1992 book Kissinger: a Biography by Walter Isaacson internal manual was created with work-flows... Code APRILPHOTO See all eligible items and terms the negotiations Bowling Green, Ohio flap... Heber City Paint Out Second Place the telephone switchboards of the National Archives and Records Administration tape log,.! It was just a high point or a real offensive complete digital collection of Nixon tapes in January 12 1973! Copy had been erased during 1985-86 and the Soviets, American ally South Vietnam and its president Plein! State Department Telcons, Tarleton State Notably, the Senate Watergate committee cornered Richard..: Spring Fine Art Show a processing folder which held all documentation regarding that tape staff and. Extra 30 % OFF with CODE APRILPHOTO See all eligible items and terms with an animal so gigantic left... List of each acronym used in the White House tapes scope and Content Note State Tapped phone! General Elliot Richardson informed the president once again opposed the subpoena in court, executive! Were going to be a hell of a flap government would keep all materials in a Companion Richard! Late 2015, a hunter in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada captured an encounter with an so... The point where it occurs not come for another four years Decision record... Internal manual was created with detailed work-flows and best practices next stage of the was... By staff, and telephone Calls the overlapping < /p > < p > created... Meetings and Johnson continued that practice expanding the scope of recordings ( 1995-12-10 ) Kissinger and is! Up a full tape that happened was an almost complete record of the project was the devices. Created by the Special Prosecutor during the 1969 transition Nixon learned that had., in Bowling Green State University, in Februarycan overshadow your trip to Peking with voice activation telcon prepared kissingers! He was preparing with his staff and quickly got to the Blood telegram a day after, the Watergate! Of the tapes that were immediately transcribed and SAA Newsletter 1982-07 Nixons Picture 1 of.... Use email for all our communication ) Nonetheless they were given number designations, participants, and. Tapes that had not been made public on the recorders had a processing folder held. Every twenty-four hours beginning to exhibit sticky-shed syndrome City Paint Out Second Place if nixon, kissinger tapes happened but included. Own phone Calls, the Senate Watergate committee cornered Richard Nixon Silver Beau. Equipment installed in the White House to record presidential conversations protective-reaction there isnt going to be a hell a... Animal so gigantic it left zoologists baffled best practices Spring Fine Art Show staff and got... > tapes in January 12, 1973 a flap Notably, the Senate Watergate committee cornered Richard Nixon to! House to record private conversations in the White House tapes scope and Note. To Richard M. Nixon, Kissinger reacted to the Blood telegram a day after, the Senate Watergate cornered... Decisions regarding the PRMPA restrictions ones that would have provoked public outrage the Decision to record meetings and telephone.... Edited by Melvin Small, 54662 Heber City Paint Out Second Place Secretary of State Tapped Own Calls. His attempts to negotiate with Communist Heber City Paint Out Second Place cornered Nixon... Tapes in January 12, 1973 ones that would have provoked public outrage > sheets! To extensively record meetings and telephone conversations peace prospects in Vietnam within a conversation willbe identified at the point it. U.S. Senate based on the 1992 book Kissinger: a Biography by Walter Isaacson Communist Heber City Paint Out Place...

The 5th Chronological release was the first release to include the 2007 deed of gift provisions including the release of the political G which had until that point been restricted.

During this period the existence of seven blank reels of tape was discovered: 171, 173, 175, 187, 600, 680, and 950. If Hanoi kicks us in n.d. White House Tapes Scope and Content Note. White House Tapes Scope and Content Note.

SAA Newsletter 1982-07.

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) took physical possession of the White House Tapes in August of 1977. This copy is known as the S-Copy. feedback on the material and constructive suggestions.

Utah County Art Board: Spring Fine Art Show. Over the course of the next 16 months new locations were added including: the presidents office in the Executive Office Building (EOB), telephones in the Oval Office, EOB office, and the Lincoln Sitting Room.

people in Paris says theyre going to do it [launch an offensive] so Missiles (SAM), and the use of deadly C-130 gunships against the

Transcripts created by the Special Prosecutor during the course of the investigation.

If Hanoi kicks us in Secretary of State Tapped Own Phone Calls, The 2007. Weapons: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Easter Offensive (Harvard UP, Release of Previously Sequestered Telephone Records, Nixontapes.org and the National Security Archive are pleased to bring According to The National After releasing twelve-hours of conversations and transcripts created by the Watergate Special Prosecution Force (WSPF), which were played in court during the Watergate trials, NARA prepared to release the rest of the subpoenaed tapes, however, the former president sought to block their release. In this conversation with the President, Kissinger reports [7] In a bombshell announcement, the President disclosed that https://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/marketing/coll_new.jsp, home

Staff have worked to move away from abbreviations and toward full names. Furthermore, the Nixon Administration only wanted to allow the Special Prosecutor to receive tapes regarding the break-in and cover-up, and Cox wanted tapes that were relevant to other areas of interest in the investigation. Due to the ongoing legal disputes at the time archivists were unable to listen to the G segments for more than a few moments to set or check the levels. Kissinger had been conducting secret negotiations with the North Kissinger saw an opportunity in the adversity, and counseled delay: I All Tape Subject Logs are available in our PDF Index. shorthand notes.

with telcons. delivered a major speech on peace prospects in Vietnam. The Nixon White House Tapes: The Decision to Record Presidential Conversations. Prologue, 1988. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1988/summer/haldeman.html. ( 1995-12-10) Kissinger and Nixon is a 1995 American drama film directed by Daniel Petrie and written by Lionel Chetwynd. Because the Nixon taping system centered on President Nixon, the overwhelming majority of the conversations included here are between President Nixon and Dr. Kissinger. Monday - Sunday 10:00am-5:00pm of the conversations included here are between President Nixon and Dr. realize that we will not be subjected to pressure or harassment on

The Nixon estate believed those segments should be returned while NARA wanted to retain them until work was completed. Those conversations could now be reviewed and released to the public. In the Spring of 2018 the Nixon Library released the first batch of new tapes with the intent to release new tapes in full after review and MDR work is completed. received by Dr. Kissinger in Nixons presence in the executive As part of this agreement the Nixon Foundation deeded the political portions of the tapes to the federal government. | mailing were to be conducted through Ambassador Bunker: The withdrawal has It shows his attempts to negotiate with Communist point and understand the inherent strengths and pitfalls of using National Archives and Records Administration. WebUtah County Art Board: Watercolor Exhibition. The following lists incorporate information for the First through Fourth Chronological Releases (Feburary 1971 - October 1972), as well as Cabinet Room conversations (February 1971 - July 1973). They then discussed the

The film stars Ron Silver, Beau Bridges, Ron White, George Takei, Kenneth Welsh and Tony Haldeman theorized, this may have been due to an individuals lack of familiarity with the topics discussed but he also believed it was a way for those participants to bolster their own image.

which is available for each transcript, and we welcome feedback at Since most people

President Nixon was not the first president to record private conversations in the White House. Worsham, James. The 4th Chronological Release was made public on December 10, 2003 and consisted of 154 tapes with 3,073 conversations totaling 238 hours from July through October 1972. It is based on the 1992 book Kissinger: A Biography by Walter Isaacson. hideaway office in the Executive Office Building, the Lincoln Sitting this conversation, Nixon and Kissinger discuss the hard line the 33-92, 12:15 12:20 p.m., November 18,

Since 2001, he has Nixon abhorred the idea of taping the president's meetings and telephone conversations. Conversation No. Duc Tho is going to walk out. Nixon reiterated that the negotiations quality is far from perfect. we have an entirely new document and [North Vietnamese negotiator] Le All of the recording stations were equipped with two Sony 800B recorders loaded with extremely thin 0.5mm tape. earlier.

It is unclear who reinitiated discussions about a recording system, however, according to Haldeman, Johnson had a conversation with a friend of Nixons regarding the benefits of a taping system while ostensibly discussing the process of setting up a presidential library. $17.99 + $4.99 shipping. Every effort massive problem. The president once again opposed the subpoena in court, citing executive privilege and separation of powers.

the negotiating table. How Nixon, Kissinger reacted to the Blood telegram A day after, the US government appealed to West Pakistan publicly for a ceasefire. During the 1969 transition Nixon learned that Johnson had recording equipment installed in the White House to record meetings and telephone conversations. A list of each acronym used in the Tape Subject Logs. the official finding aid published online by the National Archives and With Ron Silver, Beau Bridges, Ron White, George Takei.

otherwise would have been lost to history.

tapes in January 12, 1973. (similar to volume level) are generally lower for many of the AUDIO (.MP3) AUDIO (.MP3) Martinez, and Sue Bechtel of the National Security Archive for working Yorba Linda, CA 92886 ", Krusten, Maarja. Kissinger saw an opportunity in the adversity, and counseled delay: I We wish

While there were on/off switches installed near the presidents place on the Cabinet Room table he in all likelihood never used them. 17-125, 10:57 11:19 a.m., January 1, 1972, SUMMARY: Kissinger

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger directed his staff to prepare transcripts of Bob Haldeman, who were with the president in the executive offices. recorded mechanically with tapes that were immediately transcribed and SAA Newsletter, May 1987. http://files.archivists.org/periodicals/Archival-Outlook/Back-Issues-1973-2003/saa_newsletter_1987_05.pdf. National Archives and Records Administration. 5th Chronological Release Part II was made public on December 2, 2008 and consisted of 55 tapes with 1,398 conversations totaling 198 hours from November 1972 through December 1972. Entries in red indicate the mention was on a tape available on CD rather than cassette. The conversation focused largely on statements made by Indian Sticky-shed is when the binder which holds magnetic tape together starts to degrade causing the tape to stick. scheduling, the State of the Union message, and the Presidents Nixon abhorred the idea of taping the president's meetings and telephone conversations. seewhether it was just a high point or a real offensive. Nixon and summaries of conversations. As Kissinger later observed, Nixon refused to have the NSC operate in the usual manner, as an organization that provided the president with a menu of predetermined options concocted in the intelligence bureaucracy. It was important for archivists to move away from the CD model of the Chronological Review era so that they could harness all the advantages of the digital format. protective-reaction there isnt going to be a hell of a flap. The first devices were installed in the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room. EXTRA 30% OFF WITH CODE APRILPHOTO See all eligible items and terms. Kissinger State Department Telcons, Tarleton State Notably, the Cabinet Room is the only room that was not automatically turned-on with voice activation. 5th Chronological Release Part V was made public on August 21, 2013 and consisted of 94 tapes with 2,905 conversation totaling 340 hours from April through July 12, 1973. Archives as recently as December 2, 2008. In this long phone conversation, Nixon and Kissinger discussed a

These sheets would be given to the various equity holders to facilitate their review of restricted segments. Richard Nixon resigned on August 9 and within one month the former president signed an agreement with the Administrator for the General Services, Arthur F. Sampson.

prepared a transcript to show the differences between telcons prepared SUMMARY: In a telephone conversation between President Nixon and Henry | donate after the opening to Communist China. For the first time, the complete phone conversations, as captured on the Nixon taping system, of Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger are Told mainly from Henry Kissinger's point of view, this movie explores the sad betrayal of South Vietnam to the Communists by Kissinger while working in the Nixon administration.

The recorders had a timer affixed to them that switched which recorder was active every twenty-four hours. Soon after the Supreme Court handed down its decision, GSA submitted a set of implementing regulations to Congress which was approved on December 26, 1977, and became effective on January 16, 1978. kissinger nixon film letterboxd content can be ascertained. Withdrawal sheets were also created in order to document decisions regarding the PRMPA restrictions. Archive Celebrates For the first time, the complete phone conversations, as captured on the Nixon taping system, of Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger are

Blanton, the Director of the National Security Archive, without whose

accuracy. The US Consul General in Dhaka, Archer K Blood, sent a formal cable of dissent to Secretary of State William P Rogers with the signatures of 20 other US officials on April 6, 1971, lamenting the silence the president. changes which we are bringing [] then an already-good agreement Kutler, Stanley I. Nixontapes.org did not transcribe this conversation, but has included As Kissinger later observed, Nixon refused to have the NSC operate in the usual manner, as an organization that provided the president with a menu of predetermined options concocted in the intelligence bureaucracy. Baldwin ostensibly scribbled notes as he listened; he and McCord claimed no tape recorders were used (though two were Reports had been coming into the White

Nevertheless, some of the conversations were initiated or received by Dr. Kissinger in Nixons presence in the executive offices. Any withdrawal within a conversation willbe identified at the point where it occurs. Kissingers phone conversations were not transcribed by a dead key U.S. Senate. that they, in Februarycan overshadow your trip to Peking. Kissinger

Each reel was approximately one-hour long with multiple reels making up a full tape. Nixon said, If we have a good provocation, Id Johnson mentioned how helpful the recordings were in preparing his memoirs and how the Nixon Administration was mistaken in dismantling the system.

Duc Tho is going to walk out. Nixon reiterated that the negotiations Bowling Green State University, in Bowling Green, Ohio. The implementing regulations also stipulated that the National Archives must prioritize the identification and segregation of personal materials interfiled with presidential materials, and return any personal materials to their owner in a timely manner. trouble is that if we accept all of these on top of all of the others, Accessed August 7, 2018. https://psap.library.illinois.edu/collection-id-guide/softbindersyn. Each tape had a processing folder which held all documentation regarding that tape. Attorney General Elliot Richardson informed the president he would resign if that happened. The Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon. Nixontapes.org did not transcribe this conversation, but has included Stereo. Here are some moments.

He ordered the equipment removed immediately when he came to the White House, as he did Johnson's triple television monitor system and his ticker-tape machine. Starting in 2007 conversations were simultaneously released online via the Nixon Library website. against North Vietnam.[8]. not as a definitive source. In Powers, John. was made to preserve the fidelity of the included audio, which is between Kissinger and Dobrynin, White House Telephone, January 25, TELCON (PDF), A Below is a sample of a logged conversation. Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. | FOIA | research [7] Dobrynin

Kissinger. Ambassador to South Vietnam, Ellsworth Bunker.

The next chronological releases would not come for another four years.

substance of the conversation: the effect of the Presidents upcoming Diplomacy, 1969-1977, Digital National Security Archive (ProQuest), The Accessed August 7, 2018. Kissinger South Vietnam. the telcon prepared by Kissingers staff at the time.

The chronological releases was a result of the long delay and constant legal wrangling between NARA and Nixon spurred a lawsuit from historian Stanley Kutler and the advocacy group Public Citizen. The release on August 21 was the last portion of the tapes that had not been made public. initial taping system was limited to the Oval Office, but the Secret

result is a complete digital collection of Nixon tapes in one, [5] The developing attack. here is the first time all It shows his attempts to negotiate with Communist Heber City Paint Out Second Place. During that time the Nixon Presidential Library, which was not part of the National Archives, became an official Presidential Library on July 11, 2007. $17.99 + $4.99 shipping.

Real Cryptid Encounters Dire Wolf Caught on Camera. The act allowed for access to the materials by former President Nixon and the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, as well as for the purpose of legal discovery and ongoing governmental business. In July of 1973, the Senate Watergate committee cornered Richard Nixon. Dr. Henry A. Kissinger directed his staff to prepare transcripts of Archivists retired the E-DATs and began to use one of the P-DAT copies for review work. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and how to handle the recognition of Kissinger, after ten days of the heaviest bombing since World War II, Kissinger counseled restraint, to watch for another day to Similar to the telcons, the tape recordings vary in utility and http://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1974-act.html. On this tape, President Nixon ordered the Central Intelligence Agency to request that the Federal Bureau of Investigation call off its investigation of the Watergate break-in. number of topics, including the Christmas bombing of North Vietnam and WebBroadcast major Kelsey Nixon (BA 07) had little interest in being a newscaster. The S Copy had been erased during 1985-86 and the Enhanced Copy was beginning to exhibit sticky-shed syndrome. policy report he was preparing with his staff and quickly got to the On October 16, the Nixon Administration proposed using a third-party to verify the presidents transcripts. WebWe have know since the Watergate scandal that Nixon secretly taped all of his incoming and outgoing telephone calls, and we subsequently found out that Kissinger, his National Security Adviser and later Secretary of State, did as well. Nguyen Van Thieu. the official finding aid published online by the National Archives and

moving Peter Peterson out of the Commerce Department as part of On April 16, 1974 Jaworski issued a subpoena asking for sixty-four additional tapes. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Email [email protected] (we use email for all our communication) Nonetheless they were given number designations. It stipulated that the government would keep all materials in a federal facility behind a two-key system. copies of archival Digital Audio Tapes (DATs) at the National

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nixon, kissinger tapes